Subject: Polity
The Citizenship Act, 1955 is the legislative instrument that codifies the constitutional provisions on citizenship into a detailed statutory framework. It operationalizes the guidelines set out in Articles 5 to 11, specifying the conditions and procedures for acquiring citizenship by birth, descent, registration, or naturalization.
Under the Act, citizenship by birth is generally conferred on individuals born in India under specific conditions, while citizenship by descent is granted to those born outside India but having at least one Indian parent. The Act also delineates the process for naturalization, including residency requirements and character assessments, and provides mechanisms for renunciation or termination of citizenship.
Over the years, the Act has been amended to address new socio-political challenges and demographic changes. These amendments ensure that the law remains responsive to contemporary issues, such as migration and the rights of overseas Indians, while remaining firmly rooted in the constitutional mandate provided by Article 11.
In essence, the Citizenship Act, 1955 translates constitutional ideals into practice, offering a clear, practical framework for the regulation of citizenship in India.