Topic Details (Notes format)

Article 21 and Expanding Horizons

Subject: Polity

Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.

Practice Questions

Which article of the Indian Constitution provides for the protection of rights of minorities?

संसद सदस्यों का वेतन का निर्धारण किसकी स्वीकृति से होता है?

Who appoints the Chief Justice of India?

What is the term of office for a Governor of a state in India?

संसद के अधिवेशन की अवधि किस आधार पर निर्धारित होती है?

Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Union?

Which of the following is NOT a function of the President of India?

संसद सदस्यों की योग्यता किस अनुच्छेद में निर्धारित है?

कार्यपालिका और विधानपालिका के बीच संतुलन किस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है?

विधान सभा के चुनाव में किस निर्वाचन प्रणाली का उपयोग होता है?