Topic Details (Notes format)

Article 21 and Expanding Horizons

Subject: Polity

Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

Originally guaranteed protection of life and personal liberty only from executive action. Judicial interpretation has vastly expanded it to include rights to health, education, livelihood, environment, shelter, reputation, and a speedy trial. The Maneka Gandhi case (1978) famously introduced “due process of law,” ensuring reasonableness in state actions. Environmental jurisprudence (Ganga pollution, vehicular emissions) recognized a healthy environment as integral to life. This expansion ensures the Constitution remains responsive to modern challenges, balancing civil liberties with collective welfare. Critics caution about judicial overreach. Nonetheless, Article 21’s breadth exemplifies the dynamic nature of Indian constitutional law.

Practice Questions

भारतीय संविधान में नागरिकों के मौलिक अधिकार किस दस्तावेज़ में वर्णित हैं?

मौलिक अधिकारों के उल्लंघन पर तत्काल न्यायिक राहत किस अनुच्छेद में दी जाती है?

संसद सत्रों का आयोजन किसके द्वारा किया जाता है?

राष्ट्रपति को हटाने की प्रक्रिया किस अनुच्छेद में प्रावधिक है?

What is the minimum age for a person to become the Chief Minister of a state in India?

संसद कार्यवाही की समय सीमा किस अनुच्छेद में उल्लिखित है?

What is the minimum age for a person to contest elections for the Lok Sabha?

संसद में विधेयक पर पुनर्विचार का अधिकार किसे है?

Which of the following is the right of a citizen under the Indian Constitution?

संविधान सभा की बैठकें किस वर्ष प्रारंभ हुई थीं?