Subject: Polity
Book: Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth
The upper house of Parliament symbolizes the federal principle, as members are elected by state legislative assemblies. Known for continuity, it’s a permanent body not subject to dissolution; one-third of members retire every two years. Rajya Sabha can introduce non-financial bills, review legislation passed by Lok Sabha, and propose amendments. However, it cannot reject money bills outright. It represents states’ interests in national lawmaking, often acting as a revisory chamber focusing on thorough debate. The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman, while a Deputy Chairman is elected from its membership. This structure ensures mature deliberation and checks majoritarian impulses.
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