Topic Details (Notes format)

Research & Development and Innovation

Subject: Economics

Book: Comprehensive Indian Economy

Investment in R&D fosters technological advancement, higher productivity, and global competitiveness. India’s R&D spend remains modest compared to developed nations, concentrated in defense and space. Private sector involvement is growing in pharmaceuticals, IT, and automotive sectors. Government initiatives like Make in India, Atal Innovation Mission, and dedicated innovation labs encourage startups, but bridging lab-to-market gaps remains a challenge. Exam queries might revolve around IPR regimes, venture capital ecosystems, and the link between university research and commercial products. Strengthening patent enforcement and building a robust knowledge economy is a strategic imperative for higher-value exports.

Practice Questions

Which of the following is a characteristic of “perfect competition”?

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What does “balance of trade” refer to?

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What is the primary role of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)?

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Which of the following is NOT part of the World Bank Group?

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Which of the following best describes “capital formation”?

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Which of the following is NOT a component of Aggregate Demand?

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Which of the following is considered a public good?

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What is meant by “stagflation”?

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What is “open market operations” (OMO)?

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What does “Laissez-faire” policy advocate?

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