Topic Details (Notes format)

Research & Development and Innovation

Subject: Economics

Book: Comprehensive Indian Economy

Investment in R&D fosters technological advancement, higher productivity, and global competitiveness. India’s R&D spend remains modest compared to developed nations, concentrated in defense and space. Private sector involvement is growing in pharmaceuticals, IT, and automotive sectors. Government initiatives like Make in India, Atal Innovation Mission, and dedicated innovation labs encourage startups, but bridging lab-to-market gaps remains a challenge. Exam queries might revolve around IPR regimes, venture capital ecosystems, and the link between university research and commercial products. Strengthening patent enforcement and building a robust knowledge economy is a strategic imperative for higher-value exports.

Practice Questions

Which of the following factors is NOT included in the calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)?

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Which of the following is a characteristic of “perfect competition”?

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What is “inflation targeting”?

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What is the meaning of "fiscal deficit"?

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Which of the following is an example of a non-renewable resource?

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What is meant by the term “current account deficit”?

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Which of the following is NOT part of the World Bank Group?

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Which economic concept is described as “the next best alternative foregone”?

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What is the term for the price at which demand and supply in a market are equal?

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What is the “law of diminishing marginal utility”?

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