Topic Details (Notes format)

Research & Development and Innovation

Subject: Economics

Book: Comprehensive Indian Economy

Investment in R&D fosters technological advancement, higher productivity, and global competitiveness. India’s R&D spend remains modest compared to developed nations, concentrated in defense and space. Private sector involvement is growing in pharmaceuticals, IT, and automotive sectors. Government initiatives like Make in India, Atal Innovation Mission, and dedicated innovation labs encourage startups, but bridging lab-to-market gaps remains a challenge. Exam queries might revolve around IPR regimes, venture capital ecosystems, and the link between university research and commercial products. Strengthening patent enforcement and building a robust knowledge economy is a strategic imperative for higher-value exports.

Practice Questions

What does the “Human Development Index” measure?

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Which term refers to the decrease in the value of a currency relative to foreign currencies?

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Which of the following is a characteristic of “perfect competition”?

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Which of the following factors is NOT included in the calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)?

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What is the meaning of "fiscal deficit"?

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What is “quantitative easing”?

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What is the primary purpose of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)?

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Which of the following best describes “capital formation”?

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What is meant by “stagflation”?

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Which of the following is a feature of monopolistic competition?

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